~Laldinpuia Tlau

Insawrkarna lungthu pathum 

India ram hi dan lal berna (rule of law) a ni a. President emaw Prime Minister emaw aiin dan a lal zawk a. Dan siamtu parliament meuh ai pawhin dan hi a lal zawk. Parliament-in ama siam dan a bawhchhe thiang lo a. Dan erawh a belhin a paih thei a, a siam tha thei thung. 

Dan siamtu (Parliament/Assembly) dan siam hmangin Executive-in hna an thawk thin a, dan an kengkawh thin. Executive kan tih hi sawrkarna siamtu leh sawrkar hnathawkte sawina a ni ber a. India ram pum thil a nih chuan President a huam a, state mal thil a nih chuan Governor a huam thung. 

Court chi thumte chu 

Dan hmanga thubuai hlabuai remtute hi judiciary an ti a, rorelna hmun tak hi chu court tia sawi thin a ni. Thubuai hlabuai a khawih theih leh rorelna a kalpui dan enin court hi chi hrang hrangin a sawi theih a. Tun tumah hian court chi thum - criminal, civil leh writ-te chungchang kan sawi dawn a ni. 

(i) Criminal court 

Criminal Court chuan dan bawhchhiaa puhte chungchang a ngaihtuah a, a then a chhuah zalen a, a then thiam loh chan tirin hremna a pe thin. Dan anga tih loh (omission) leh dan kalha tih (act) hi dan bawhchhiatna a ni. Law tih chu dan, moral chu nundan dik, morality chu dik leh dik lo thliar thiamna tiin sawifiah ta ila. Moral zawm leh zawm loh chu mimal duhthlanna a ni. Dan erawh zawm ngei ngei a ngai. 

Criminal law-ah hian dan bawhchhiatna (offence) tam tak a inziak a. Ruk ruk hi dan bawhchhiatna (offence) a ni. Mobile phone a bo a, a neituin FIR a thehlut a. A rutua puh an man a. Lung inah a tang nghal a. A thubuaiah thiam loh changin kum khat lung in tan tir a ni a, cheng sing khat chawi tir a ni bawk a. FIR thehluttu hian phone rutu hi a khing lo a, a khingtu chu state zawk a ni. Inkhingte chu State leh thubuai siam sak (accused) te a ni. Chuvang chuan, court-a thubuai bawhzuitu chu public prosecutor an ti. Phone hi hmuh let loh a nih chuan phone neitu chuan a chan (loss) tawp ang a. Sawrkarin zangnadawmna (compensation) a pek loh bawk chuan phone tibotu hian hmuh let engmah a nei lo ang. 

Criminal law hrang hrangah dan bawhchhiate hremna (punishment) hi a inziak zel a. BNS (IPC thlaktu)-in a sawite chu – (a) thi turin (death), (b) dam chhung lung in tan, (c) lung in tan, hei hi chi hnih a awm a, (1) rigorous (rim taka hna thawh tir) leh (2) a pangngai, (d) bungraw chan tir (forfeiture), (e) pawisa chawi tir, leh (f) vantlang hna thawh tir te a ni. 

Pawisa chawi tir tih hi (fine) a ni a, pawsa chawi zawng zawng hi sawrkar tangka zemah chhun luh a ni thin. 

BNSS (Cr.PC thlaktu)-in criminal court chi hrang hrang a sawite chu hengte hi a ni.
    (i) Courts of Session (Sessions Judge leh Additional Sessions Judge te)
    (ii) Judicial Magistrate First Class (Hei hian Chief Judicial Magistrate a huam)
    (iii) Judicial Magistrate Second Class (Hei hi hi Mizoramah chuan a awm lo)  
    (iv) Executive Magistrates (Hei hian District Magistrate a huam)

A tlangpuiin thubuai hi dan bawhchhiatna thlenna hmun bialtu court-in a ngaihtuah thin. District hrang hrangah criminal court a awm a. Reiekah rukrukna thleng se, Mamita court-in a ngaihtuah dawn tihna a ni. 

Heng bakah hian PC Act hmanga eiru thubuai khawihtu court leh ND&PS Act hmanga ruihhlo thubuai khwihtu court-te pawh hi Criminal Court a ni. 

Criminal case kan sawi chuan rilruah bail chungchang a lo lang nghal lo thei lo. A tlangpuiin thubuai neite hi jail-ah tang tura ngaih an ni thin. Thubuai nei laite hi court-in thiam loh a chan tir hma chuan ‘puh’ an la ni chauh a. Chuvang chuan, tum khatah ni 15 aia rei lung in an tang thiang lo a, a thar zelin an tanna tur thupek siam a ngai thin. An thubuai ngaihtuah chhunga jail tang loa jail pawn atanga thubuai hmachhawnte hi bail-a chhuak an ni. 

A tlangpuiin mi tupawh court-in thiam loh a chan tir hma chuan dan bawhchhiaa ngaih leh chutiang anga sawi hi a la theih loh a ni. Tin, dan hian dan bawhchhia chhuah zalen palh aiin dan bawhchhe lo hrem palh a hlau zawk a. Chuvang chuan, dan bawhchhiat leh chhiat loh finfiahna hi a duh khirhkhan hle a ni. Sawrkar hnathawk thenkhat lakah departmental inquiry leh criminal proceeding a kal rual fo thin. Departmental inquiry-a thiam chang lo, criminal proceeding-a thiam chang lawi an awm nawlh thei. A chhan chu, finfiahna tehfung inan loh vang a ni thei. 

(ii) Civil Court 

Criminal Court-ah chuan dan bawhchhiaa puhte chungchang rel a ni a, thiam loh chang chu hrem an ni a, thiam chang chu chhuah zalen a ni a. A chang chuan a tuartuin a tawrh thlawn emaw a chan thlawn emaw chang a awm thei tih kan sawi tawh a. 

Civil court erawh chu dan hmanga chanvo leh hamthatna tun dinna a ni. Mimal leh mimal an inkhing thei a, sawrkar leh mimal pawh an inkhing thei. LSC lo inpek thuah a awm chuan dan hmaa dik zawkin ram chu a chang ang. Mi pakhat sangha dil chu tute emaw leivung paihin a tichhia a. Leivung paihtu lung ina tan tir hi civil law-in a tum a ni lo. Sangha dil neitu chanvo leh hamthatna venhim sak a tum ber a. Sangha dil chu leivung paih hmaa a dinhmun ang chiaha siam tha leh turin thupek a chhuah thei a. Chutiang kawng a awm tawh lo a nih chuan zangnadawmna thahnem tak pek turin thupek a chhuah thei. Chuvang chuan, pawisa batute lakah FIR theh luh te, ramri buai avanga FIR theh luhte hi a kalhmang lo deuh. Heng hi chu Civil Case a ni zawk awm e.

Mizoramah hian civil court pathum kan nei a, chungte chu, Civil Judge (Junior Division), Civil Judge (Senior Division) leh District Judge te a ni. District Judge tih hian Additional District Judge te a huam a ni. 

Civil case hi duh duhna hmun Court-ah put luh theih a ni lo. Criminal Court-ah chuan thil thlenna hmun a pawimawh hmasa ber kan ti a. Civil-ah chuan thubuai awm chhan bungraw awmna emaw thubuai thlenna hmun emaw bialtu court-ah thubuai ngaihtuah a ni ber.  Civil Court-a thubuai puluttu hi plaintiff an ti a, khin tawk hi defendant an ti. Defendant chenna hmun bialtu court-ah thubuai a put luh theih bawk. 

Criminal case-ah chuan thuneitu hnenah FIR emaw complaint emaw kan thehlut thin a. Civil Court-ah chuan thubuai (suit) thehluh thin a ni. A tlangpuiin thubuai put luh hmain thubuai hlut zawng chu pawisaa chan tir tur a ni. Bungrua te, motor te, ram te, in te hi a hlut zawng chhut chhuah vek tur a ni. Pawisa ba inthinnaah chuan thubuai hlut zawng hi a chiang nghal tlangpui.

Kan thubuai (suit) hlut zawng hian thubuai thehlutna tur court a hril nghal thin. Thubuai reng reng chu a ngaihtuah theitu court hniam berah zel ngaihtuah thin tur a ni. 

(iii) Writ Court 

Writ court an tih bikte chu Supreme Court leh High Court te chauh hi a ni. A chunga Criminal Court leh Civil Court kan sawi zawng zawngte hi Writ Court a ni ve lo. Chutih laiin, Supreme Court leh High Court te Writ Court ni bik mah se, criminal court leh civil court a ni nghal a ni. 

India ramah hian writ an tih hi chi (kind) hrang panga a awm a. Chungte chu tawi te tein han sawi fiah ila. 
(i) Habeas corpus – Dan lo anga man tawk, jail emaw lock up emaw hmun danga hreng (detain) chu writ court-in a chhuah zalen thin.  

(ii) Mandamus – Thu pe tihna a ni a. Sawrkar hnuaia hum pawimawh tak chelhtuin a tih tur a tih duh loh chuan titurin thu pek a ni thin. India danpui kalha thil tih ni dawna a lan chuan ti lo turin thu pek a ni thin bawk.  

(iii) Prohibition – Thubuai remtu court emaw tribunal emaw chu a thuneihna piah lamah a che emaw thuneihna a hmang sual emaw a nih chuan a thil tih lai chu chawlh san hmak turin thu pek a ni thin. 

(iv) Certiorari – Prohibition nen hian a inzul hle mai a. Hetah hi chuan, court emaw tribunal emaw thutlukna chu a thuneihna piah lam a ni emaw thuneihna hmang dik loa thutlukna siam emaw a nih chuan thiah sak a ni thin. 

(v) Quo warranto – He writ hi miin sawrkar sum hmanga din pisa an luah dan endikna a ni. Hna pek (appointment) dan emaw kaisan (promotion) etc. dan emaw a dik leh dik loh chungchangah inkhinna awm ta se, ngun takin a zir chiang ang a, a dik chuan nemnghet a ni ang a, a dik lo chuan sawrkar order chu thiah a ni ang.  

Writ Court-ah chuan writ petition theh luh thin a ni a. Writ chungchangah chuan Supreme Court aiin High Court-in thubuai a ngaihtuah theih hi a huam zau zawk tiin sawi thin a ni. Supreme Court hi chu Fundamental Rights kenkawhna tur bil a ni deuh ber. Sawrkar hna thil (service matter) thubuai hi Administrative Tribunal hian a khawih thin a. Lal­hmingliana Saiawi, IAS pawh voluntary pension-a chhuakin Tribunal member a lo ni tawh a ni. He Tribunal hi Mizoramah a la awm lo avangin service matter thubuaite hi Writ Petition hmang­in High Court-ah chin fel thin a ni.